Yesterday, in a speech before the Economic Club of New York, Fed Governor Stephen Miran, on leave from the White House CEA, spoke on \u201cNonmonetary Forces and Appropriate Monetary Policy.\u201d<\/a>\u00a0 I was confused.<\/p>\n As Jonathan Levin points out today in Bloomberg Opinion<\/a>, pre-CEA Stephen Miran had argued that r*<\/em> had risen, while Fed governor Stephen Miran argues it has fallen. Hmmm. But this was not my point of confusion.\u00a0 Really, it was this section of his speech, where he argued that higher tariff revenue (against the backdrop of an unmentioned income tax revenue cut) would mean a lower r*<\/em> that caught by attention.<\/p>\n Policies Affecting r*<\/strong> \u2026<\/em><\/p>\n Increases in national saving from trade policy<\/em><\/p>\n Additionally, trade renegotiation and the tax legislation recently passed by the Congress should also affect r*. I think of this primarily through the increase in national saving\u2014that is, the net supply of loanable funds.<\/p>\n With respect to tariffs, relatively small changes in some goods prices have led to what I view as unreasonable levels of concern. While my read of the elasticities and incidence theory is that exporting nations will have to lower their selling prices, I also believe tariffs will lead to substantial swings in net national saving.<\/p>\n The Congressional Budget Office estimates tariff revenue could reduce the federal budget deficit by over $380 billion per year over the coming decade.10<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This is a significant swing in the supply\u2013demand balance for loanable funds, as national borrowing declines by a comparable amount. A 1 percentage point change in the deficit-to-GDP (gross domestic product) ratio moves r* by nearly four tenths of a percentage point, according to the average of estimates summarized by Rachel and Summers.11<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This 1.3 percent of GDP change in national saving reduces the neutral rate by half a percentage point.12<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Tariffs are not the only means by which trade policy is affecting the supply of loanable funds. Loans and loan guarantees pledged by East Asian countries in exchange for relatively low tariff ceilings have reached $900 billion.13<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0These guarantees entail an exogenous increase in credit supply, which research suggests would be around 7 percent.14<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Using Council of Economic Advisers\u2019 (CEA) estimates of the interest elasticity of investment and Michael Boskin\u2019s interest elasticity of saving, this would further reduce neutral policy rates by around two tenths of a percentage point.15<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Increases in national saving from tax policy<\/em> The CEA calculates an increase in national saving of $3.83 trillion over the next 10 years (relative to the previous policy baseline), resulting from economic growth induced by tax policy.17<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This represents roughly 1.3 percent of GDP, implying a half of a percentage point reduction in r* and the appropriate policy rate through the Rachel\u2013Summers channel.Indeed, the federal deficit in the second and third fiscal quarters of this year was nearly $140 billion less than in the comparable period last year. This is a small sample size but indicative, in my opinion, of the direction of the deficit.<\/p>\n On the other hand, the CEA estimates that the tax law will generate annual investment increases of up to 10 percent in the next several years relative to the previous policy baseline. This should be associated with an increase in r*, and thus the appropriate fed funds rate, of around three tenths of a point. Let me also note that while I am relying partially on previous CEA research at the moment, I look forward to working more with Board staff and their forecasts in the coming months.<\/p>\n Effect of deregulation and energy on r*<\/em><\/p>\n \u2026<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Well, first tariff revenue is bounded by the fact that import quantities respond to tariffs, so yes, tariff revenues are up. But this can\u2019t make up for anywhere near the hole blown in the Federal budget by the OBBBA<\/a>. So, if he\u2019s talking about net movements in r*, he would if he were an honest analyst mention the fact that r* has likely risen.<\/p>\n As for the dynamic estimates of tax revenue increases due to OBBBA and Trump deregulation, Miran citing his own groups assessment is understandable, but also delusional<\/a> as something to cite.<\/p>\n So, say r*<\/em> has risen (rather than fallen as Miran argues); then to push for lowering interest rates means Miran has to be implicitly arguing for a higher target inflation rate,\u00a0 \u03c0T<\/sup><\/em>. Any ol\u2019 New Keynesian model with a money reaction function and a Phillips curve will get you that. (For a quick refresher, look at this derivation<\/a> I compiled for my students, based on the Cecchetti-Schoenholtz exposition).<\/p>\n\n
Population growth<\/em><\/p>\n
The large tax law passed this year also has a strong effect on national saving.16<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0There are, of course, other consequences of the tax law besides the increase in net national saving, which I\u2019ll discuss later in the context of the output gap.<\/p>\n
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