\n
![](\"https:\/\/fortune.com\/img-assets\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/GettyImages-1931667633-e1712783285978.jpg?w=2048\")
<\/p>\n [ad_1]
\n<\/p>\n
About 5.8 million people in the U.S. have Alzheimer\u2019s disease<\/a> and related dementias, giving these life-altering illnesses a wide impact across the country. But while it can be devastating when a loved one shows signs of memory loss, doctors say you shouldn\u2019t automatically assume they have dementia<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n Several factors can cause a person to have classic signs of dementia<\/a>, including a deficiency in vitamin B12. \u201cVitamin B12 deficiency can cause cognitive impairment, including impairments in thinking,\u201d says Dr. Scott Kaiser<\/a>, a geriatrician and director of Geriatric Cognitive Health for the Pacific Neuroscience Institute in Santa Monica, CA. \u201cThat can definitely mimic signs of dementia.\u201d<\/p>\n Couple that with the fact that older adults are more likely <\/a>to have trouble fully absorbing vitamin B12, putting them at risk for a deficiency, and doctors say that vitamin B12 deficiency should at least be on the radar of people with older loved ones. Unlike dementia, this is a health issue that can be reversed.\u00a0<\/p>\n But what does a vitamin B12 deficiency look like, and how can you tell it apart from dementia? Doctors explain.<\/p>\n Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that\u2019s naturally present in some foods, although it\u2019s also available as a dietary supplement<\/a> and prescription medicine, according to the National Institutes of Health <\/a>(NIH). This vitamin helps your body make DNA, and also plays a role in the development and function of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.\u00a0<\/p>\n Your body can\u2019t make vitamin B12, so you need to get it from outside sources like meat, dairy, eggs, fortified foods, and supplements, the NIH says. Most adults need 2.4 micrograms of vitamin B12 a day, although the numbers are slightly higher during pregnancy and breastfeeding.\u00a0<\/p>\n There are a few reasons why someone might develop a vitamin B12 deficiency. Following a vegan diet<\/a> for years is a big one, says Deborah Cohen, D.C.N.,<\/a> an associate professor in the department of clinical and preventive nutrition sciences at Rutgers University School of Health Professions. \u201cHumans can store a small amount of vitamin B12,\u201d which is why it may take a while for a deficiency to show up, she says.\u00a0<\/p>\n But Cohen says there are plenty of other risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency, including taking the diabetes drug metformin and certain medications for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) like proton pump inhibitors for years. \u201cThese drugs decrease secretion of intrinsic factor\u2014a protein secreted by cells in the stomach which is vital for the transport of B12 from the stomach to the last part of the small intestine, where it is absorbed,\u201d Cohen explains.<\/p>\n People who have had stomach surgery for weight loss, older adults, and people with gastrointestinal conditions like Crohn\u2019s disease and celiac disease are also at risk for a B12 deficiency, she says.\u00a0<\/p>\n Vitamin B12 deficiency has a few hallmark symptoms, according to doctors:<\/p>\n \u201cB12 is essential for energy production,\u201d says Dr. Amit Sachdev<\/a>, medical director in the Department of Neurology at Michigan State University. \u201cThe most common manifestation of B12 deficiency is fatigue.\u201d That fatigue and related symptoms can be confused with symptoms of depression and dementia, he says.\u00a0<\/p>\n People with vitamin B12 deficiency may act forgetful and confused, and struggle with concentrating and accomplishing tasks, Kaiser says. In more severe vitamin B12 deficiencies, a person may develop delusions and paranoia. \u201cThat could mimic dementia,\u201d Kaiser says.\u00a0<\/p>\n Doctors say it\u2019s hard to tell from a physical exam if a person has a vitamin B12 deficiency or dementia. \u201cThere is no way to tell the difference based on [cognitive] symptoms,\u201d says Parul M Goyal, M.D<\/a>., assistant professor of medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center<\/a> and director of Medicine for Seniors at Vanderbilt One Hundred Oaks.\u00a0<\/p>\n However, having gastrointestinal symptoms that started around the same time as cognitive issues may raise a doctor\u2019s suspicion for vitamin B12 deficiency, Sachdev says. \u201cThe combination of body and cognitive changes is a major clue that a treatable cause such as B12 deficiency could be the issue,\u201d he says.\u00a0<\/p>\n If a doctor suspects a vitamin B12 deficiency, they will usually order blood work to check a patient\u2019s levels, Kaiser says. But having lower vitamin B12 levels doesn\u2019t automatically mean that someone\u2019s symptoms are being caused by the deficiency.\u00a0<\/p>\n \u201cB12 deficiency is also more common in people with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, so you may have two things going on,\u201d Kaiser says. As a result, doctors will usually recommend taking a vitamin B12 supplement and seeing what happens. \u201cIf you treat the vitamin B12 deficiency and symptoms improve, that will help you know what is causing them,\u201d Kaiser says.\u00a0<\/p>\n But Sachdev says that if your loved one has regular well visits with blood work, things should never get to this point. \u201cRoutine lab monitoring for B12 at well checks is the most common way that deficiency is detected,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n If your loved one is showing signs of dementia, doctors stress that it\u2019s important to see a healthcare provider for an evaluation. \u201cA lot of people will avoid getting an evaluation because of common misconceptions that these memory changes are normal with increasing age, but that\u2019s not a helpful assumption,\u201d Kaiser says. \u201cThere is a misconception that there\u2019s nothing we can do about it\u2014that\u2019s not true.\u201d<\/p>\n Once you get an evaluation, a doctor will usually order a blood test to check for a vitamin B12 deficiency, along with other potential factors that could cause dementia-like symptoms, Sachdev says. If your loved one does, in fact, have a vitamin B12 deficiency, they\u2019ll likely be prescribed oral or intramuscular supplements, Sachdev says. If they\u2019re taking a medication that may be behind the deficiency, like a proton pump inhibitor or metformin, a doctor may recommend trying a different type of drug, Goyal says.\u00a0<\/p>\n Ultimately, doctors stress that a vitamin B12 deficiency and the symptoms that come with it are reversible. \u201cThe effects of supplements are often noticed within weeks,\u201d Sachdev says.\u00a0<\/p>\n\nWhat is vitamin B12?<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\n
How to tell a vitamin B12 deficiency from dementia symptoms<\/strong><\/h2>\n
How vitamin B12 deficiency is detected<\/strong><\/h2>\n
What to do if a loved one has dementia-like symptoms<\/strong><\/h2>\n